Gateways 2018-2019

Alice Bazyar January 28th, 2019 This reflective paint could keep sunbaked buildings cool There is a newly made polymer-based paint that reflects almost all sunlight and can keep buildings, cars, airplanes, and/or any other sunbaked structure cool. This polymer paint can be applied to many things like plastic, wood, or metals; and it can also be turned into recyclable tarpaulins for covering homes, cars, or other closed spaces. Scientist, Yuan Yang of Columbia University made this paint only out of water, acetone, and polymer called poly. When the applied paint dries, the evaporated acetone and water left behind a firm polymer and film riddled with air pockets. The tiny particles/polymer, reflect more than 96% of the sunlight; but other white cool-roof paints only reflected 85% of the sunlight. The films porous structure also lets any heat the material does contain to escape to the air much more easily than any other solid polymer sheet, says the coauthor Nanfang ...

Helium vs Air by Amadi Clemens How do feel about balloons? We use balloons for several things in life. I see balloons in parades for Thanksgiving and Christmas. I’ve used balloons when I’ve lost a loved one and release it into the air for their remembrance. Family and friends give balloons away on Valentine’s day or when someone is sick and you want them to ‘get well soon’. The most popular use for balloons are for birthday parties. As you see, balloons are used for a celebration of some sort. There are two types of ways to blow up a balloon with a gas, air or helium. Which type of balloon is better though? Let’s get an understanding of both types of gases. Helium (HE) is the chemical element of atomic number 2, an inert gas which is the lightest member of the noble gas series. Air is the invisible gaseous substance surrounding the earth, a mixture mainly of oxygen and nitrogen. Air is in our classrooms, houses, and everywhere we go. Helium is the opposite of air. Helium is th...

Lost Matter in Space Found Sophie Boris 1/10/18 I was researching topics to do this on when I came across something that confused me but also made me really interested. It was an article which read “lost matter in space was found”, i didn't really know at that time what it meant but after researching this the topic started to really interest me. It all started when in 1998 NASA decided to make a inventory of all the matter in the universe. After a data collection something was missing in it, after calculation of how much matter was in the universe after big bang they were missing a large amount of matter that should be there. After a lot of work trying to find the matter and doing what they could at the time to be able to find it they came up hopeless. ( This is an image of the missing matter) NASA ended up leaving the missing matter to later scientist since they weren't able to find it. Though over this last year a group decided to try to find the missing matte...

Plasma By Chris Anderson There are four states of matter. Solids, liquids, gases, and the lesser known but coolest state, plasma. In a solid the atoms are very closely packed together. in a liquid, the atoms are somewhat let go, even enough where you can move through it. In a gas, the atoms are almost completely let go. But in plasma, the electrons start to run away from the nuclei. It was discovered by Sir William Crookes in the year 1879. Plasma is basically, a gas that disrupts molecular bonds of atoms. You can make homemade plasma by microwaving fire but i wouldn't recommend it. One of the characteristics of plasma is that it can be held in place by magnetic fields. Lots of experiments involving plasma are just to do this. Plasma particles are also very good conductors due to them being electrically charged as well. Because plasma particles can interact with magnetic fields and other thongs like that, they can travel much further distances than ordinary gas molecules. P...

GMOs are widely controversial topic when it comes peoples opinions about health. However I believe that GMOs are a good think for our country because of the benefits to bring to the table. The term GMO originated in 1996 upon the creation of them; it stands for genetically modified organisms. Before I start with the reasons GMO are good I want to bring up the problem of knowledge. The problem is that the majority of the population is undereducated about GMOs, in fact 71% of people in a survey done by Pew Research Center stated that they knew little to no information about GMOs. This becomes a problem when anti-GMO brands and movements see it as a chance to gain profit. One of the biggest anti gmo movement is lead by an organization called the “The non gmo Project” The way it works is by having companies apply and pay huge sum of money to become certified and have the non gmo project sticker on their product. These products are most often advertised at high income families with kids...

You can easily make plasma with simple objects at you're own home. Plasma can be created with a single Grape, a knife and a microwave. Simply cut the grape in half and leave about a half an inch of skin on it. Here's how it works: microwaves normally cook food by sending microwave radiation through it, which agitates the water molecules, causing them to vibrate and generate heat.  The process is simple: you cut a single grape nearly in half, leaving a bit of skin connecting the two halves, then microwave it by itself. As Australian physicist Stephen Bozi  shows in the video above, after a few seconds, you'll see sparking and a plume of plazma  — a stream of charged particles called ions — leaping from one half to the other, then rising upwardd. But in this case, since there's not enough food in the oven to absorb these microwaves, they  become so concentrated  in the grape tissue that they rip some of the molecules apart, generating charged ions. Ther...

Titanium Gold - Ti3Au By Peter Bragdon Titanium gold is a new alloy that combines one part gold with three parts titanium. It is not just a mixture but a new chemical compound referred to as Ti3Au because of the chemical symbols for titanium (Ti) and gold (Au) in a ratio of three to one (Ti 3 Au). Titanium can also be mixed with gold in other ratios but the three to one ratio is producing the strongest alloy. Currently it is the strongest metal that it biocompatible. Ti3Au was discovered in a lab that was experimenting with making “unconventional magnets” by using two non-magnetic elements to make a magnetic compound. The lab was combining titanium and gold in a one to one ratio to produce a magnetic substance. They were experimenting with other ratios of titanium and gold. While trying to grind down the Ti3Au sample, the researchers discovered that it was too hard to grind with their diamond coated mortar and pestle. Professor Emilia Morosan of Rice University in Houston sa...

Name- Preeti Gurung How does plasma occur in nature? Plasmas are a lot like grass, but the atoms are different because they are made up free electrons and ions element such as neon.You don't find naturally occurring plasmas too often when you walk around. They aren't things that happen regularly on Earth They are different and unique from the other states of matter. Plasma is different from a gas, because it is made up of groups of positively and negatively charged particles.The characteristics of plasmas are significantly different from those of ordinary neutral gases.Plasma are made up of electrically charged particles, they are strongly influenced by electric and magnetic fields (see figure) while neutral gases are not.     Next steps will be more interesting and different because that depend in what kind of plasma and how effectively plasma occur in nature with powerful particles Links - http://pluto.space.swri.edu/image/glossary/plasma.html ...

Matter Blog Katelyn Miller Dark Energy, Dark Matter In the early 1990s, one thing was fairly certain about the expansion of the universe. It might have enough energy density to stop its expansion and collapse, it might have so little energy density that it would never stop expanding, but gravity was certain to slow the expansion as time went on. Granted, the slowing had not been observed, but, theoretically, the universe had to slow. The universe is full of matter and the attractive force of gravity pulls all matter together. Then came 1998 and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of very distant supernovae that showed that, a long time ago, the universe was actually expanding more slowly than it is today. So the expansion of the universe has not been slowing due to gravity, as everyone thought, it has been accelerating. The cause of this is called dark energy. Related to dark energy is dark matter. What is dark matter? Scientists are much more certain what dark matt...

https://www.space.com/48-saturn-the-solar-systems-major-ring-bearer.html https://www.britannica.com/place/Saturn-planet/The-atmosphere The chemical properties of Saturn The chemical properties that make up Saturn is very fascinating. The atmosphere of Saturn is complex due to all the patterns on the surface and the chemicals that makes up the planet. According to Britannica, “Storms similar in impressiveness to this “Great White Spot” (so named in analogy with Jupiter’s Great Red Spot) have been observed at about 30-year intervals dating back to the late 19th century.” It is talking about how Saturn chemical properties are able to make a storm that looks white and compares it to the Red Spot on Jupiter. Most of Saturn is made out of hydrogen and helium. Due to the abundance of the materials, hydrogen and helium, Saturn's many composed on helium cannot be directly measured. But a rough estimate of Saturn's atmosphere is 18-25% helium. Scientist made the estimate of Satu...

GMOs are widely controversial topic when it comes peoples opinions about health. However I believe that GMOs are a good think for our country because of the benefits to bring to the table. The term GMO originated in 1996 upon the creation of them; it stands for genetically modified organisms. Before I start with the reasons GMO are good I want to bring up the problem of knowledge. The problem is that the majority of the population is under-educated about GMOs, in fact 71% of people in a survey done by Pew Research Center stated that they knew little to no information about GMOs. This becomes a problem when anti-GMO brands and movements see it as a chance to gain profit. One of the biggest anti gmo movement is lead by an organization called the “The non gmo Project” The way it works is by having companies apply and pay huge sum of money to become certified and have the non gmo project sticker on their product. These products are most often advertised at high income families with kids. ...

How a Supernova Happens A supernova happens extremely rarely. This is because it's only when two stars collide; which only occurs when said stars come into range and the star with the larger mass or greater density sucks in the one with the lesser mass and density. When this happens, their chemical compositions create a collision that results in a massive explosion.  Another way a supernova can happen is if a star runs out of hydrogen and helium fuel. Needless to say, when a star runs out of fuel in its core, it dies. When a star dies, a supernova occurs. What Happens Afterwards? Like the sun, it eventually runs out of hydrogen from its core (where the stars collided) but it does have enough mass and pressure to fuse/produce carbon. Also, much much time after the supernova happens, there's a good chance it can create a black hole. The mass of the supernova can change the size of the black hole. Black holes, on the other hand, can also be made when a...